Steve Vladeck Trump tweeted that he can fire anyone (including Robert Mueller). Here's what the law actually says.
Trump can't actually fire whoever he wants. But the fact that he thinks he can makes a bill protecting the special counsel feel increasingly necessary.
May.04.2018 / 6:52 AM ET
The president does not, in fact, have the “unfettered power to fire anyone.” Alex Edelman / EPA
With the Washington Post reporting that special counsel Robert Mueller may subpoena him to testify before a grand jury, President Donald Trump took to Twitter on Wednesday morning, invoking “the President’s Article 2 powers under the Constitution to fire any executive branch Employee,” and his “unfettered power to fire anyone.” One small problem: He’s wrong.
The president does not, in fact, have the “unfettered power to fire anyone.” And until and unless the Supreme Court reverses a 30-year-old ruling, he doesn’t even have the power to fire Mueller without good cause. It turns out that running the executive branch really is different from running a business.
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
“The questions are an intrusion into the President’s Article 2 powers under the Constitution to fire any Executive Branch Employee...what the President was thinking is an outrageous.....as to the President’s unfettered power to fire anyone...” Joe Digenova, former US Attorney
11:23 PM - May 2, 2018
The Constitution recognizes two categories of executive branch officers: “principal” officers, who must be nominated by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who serve at the president’s pleasure; and “inferior” officers, the appointments of which “Congress may by law vest... in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.” The Supreme Court has never drawn a bright line between the two, but the difference usually depends on how much independent authority the officer has. So Cabinet secretaries are principal officers, whereas their deputies and subordinates are inferior officers. But all government officers exercise significant federal authority in their own right.
The overwhelming majority of civilians who work for the executive branch are not officers, however, but simple employees. Again, the line between employees and inferior officers is not self-evident (the Supreme Court heard arguments in April in a case raising the distinction). But for folks who are clearly employees and not officers, most are protected by federal civil service laws, which, among other things, impose limits on when and how they can be terminated.
Even the most zealous advocates of broad executive power over personnel (albeit not Trump) accept that Congress has the authority to insulate non-officer employees from being fired without cause. So right off the bat, Trump is just wrong.
Even the most zealous advocates of executive power over personnel (albeit not Trump) accept that Congress has the authority to insulate non-officer employees from being fired without cause.
At the other end of the spectrum, the president has the most power over principal executive branch officers, such as Cabinet secretaries. Per a 1926 Supreme Court decision written by Chief Justice (and former president) William Howard Taft, such officers generally serve at the president’s pleasure. Although President Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 for violating an act of Congress that attempted to bar him from firing members of his Cabinet, the modern consensus is that Johnson was right — and Congress was wrong — about his constitutional prerogative.
Instead, the real debate among judges and scholars today is with regard to the middle category —inferior executive branch officers. These are individuals who exercise substantial governmental authority, but who tend to be subordinate to principal executive branch officers (common examples are deputy and/or assistant secretaries of Cabinet departments). In its monumental 1988 decision in Morrison v. Olson, the Supreme Court ruled 7-1 that the Constitution allows Congress to require good cause before the president can remove such an officer — in that case, an independent counsel appointed under the statute created by Congress after and in response to Watergate.
The Morrison decision has been something of a lightning rod among conservative commentators, who gravitate toward Justice Antonin Scalia’s powerful (but solo) dissent, and its embrace of the “unitary executive” theory of presidential power. Under this theory the president requires the authority to control all of his officer subordinates in order to properly do his job. And subsequent conservative judges (and justices) have invoked Scalia’s dissent as a reason to read Morrison narrowly — and to not uphold statutes that create additional constraints on the president’s removal power.
But the Morrison precedent itself remains good law, and is reflected in the very regulation that governs Mueller’s appointment, which only allows the attorney general to remove him “for misconduct, dereliction of duty, incapacity, conflict of interest, or for other good cause, including violation of Departmental policies.”
And legislation that passed the Senate Judiciary Committee on a 14-7 vote last week (with four Republicans joining the Democrats) would codify that standard and provide for judicial review in cases in which a fired special counsel believed the standard had not been met.
Legislation that passed the Senate Judiciary Committee would provide for judicial review in cases in which a fired special counsel believed the standard had not been met.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has vowed not to allow a vote on the bill — the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act — because he believes it’s unnecessary. But some senators, including some of those who voted against it in the Judiciary Committee, have opposed the bill on the ground that it’s unconstitutional, claiming that, per Justice Scalia’s Morrison dissent, the bill interferes with the president’s power to remove subordinates. Of course, if these senators are right, then the existing regulation is itself unconstitutional, since it imposes the same constraint on the president’s power to fire Mueller.
In fact, there are three different problems with this constitutional objection. First, for at least some of these senators, it is quite clearly a pretext — a legal argument that, whether or not they believe it, gives them political cover to oppose alienating Trump. Second, even for the true believers, as Professor Jed Shugerman explained last week, there are compelling reasons to conclude that Chief Justice William Rehnquist got it right for the majority in Morrison — and that Justice Scalia was simply wrong even as a matter of original understanding. Third, and of most practical importance, there’s no good reason to believe that the current Supreme Court would invalidate the bill were it passed, and lots of good reasons to think that it wouldn’t.
All of this goes to say that the president is definitely wrong about his power to fire “everyone” in the executive branch, and is probably wrong with respect to inferior officers.
All of this goes to say that the president is definitely wrong about his power to fire “everyone” in the executive branch, and is probably wrong with respect to inferior officers whose removal Congress says requires “good cause.” But despite what McConnell believes, the fact that Trump believes he does have unlimited firing power makes the Mueller protection bill very necessary indeed. Trump, of course, could veto the bill if it ever somehow makes its way through both houses of Congress. But perhaps its existence would provide enough of a reason for Congress, should that come to pass, to override him.
Steve Vladeck (@steve_vladeck) is a professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law whose teaching and research focus on federal jurisdiction, constitutional law, and national security law. Steve is co-editor-in-chief of the Just Security blog (@just_security) and co-host of the National Security Law Podcast (@nslpodcast).
Friday, May 4, 2018
Chinese President Xi Jinping Says Marxism Still "Totally Correct" For China - NDTV ( India )
Chinese President Xi Jinping Says Marxism Still "Totally Correct" For China
President Xi Jinping said that Writing Marxism onto the flag of the Chinese Communist Party was totally correct.
World | Reuters | Updated: May 04, 2018 14:34 IST
Chinese President Xi Jinping Says Marxism Still 'Totally Correct' For China
Xi Jinping instructed party members to read Marxist theories and understand them (Reuters)
BEIJING: The decision of China's ruling Communist Party to stick with the political theories of Karl Marx remains "totally correct", President Xi Jinping said ahead of the 200th anniversary of the German philosopher's birth on Saturday.
Since coming to power in 2012, Xi, widely seen as the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, has said the party must not forget its socialist roots as it works to attain the "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation".
At the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Friday, Xi said, "Writing Marxism onto the flag of the Chinese Communist Party was totally correct... Unceasingly promoting the sinification and modernisation of Marxism is totally correct."
Xi also instructed all party members to adopt the reading of Marxist works and the understanding of Marxist theories as a "way of life" and a "spiritual pursuit".
200th birth anniversary of karl marx beijing
An event commemorating the 200th birth anniversary of Karl Marx in Beijing (Reuters)
Xi's speech came near the end of a week-long propaganda blitz by state media, with chat shows saying "Marx was Right" and cartoons of his wild youth aiming to show his theories remain relevant to modern China and the next generation.
Today, China, the largest self-identified socialist country, outwardly displays all the trappings of a modern capitalist society, from rampant consumption to a massive gap between the urban elite and rural poor.
The apparent contradiction between party rhetoric and appearance has prompted many analysts to suggest the party is no longer really motivated by Marxism but puts practical and economic concerns above all else.
However, Xi has wholeheartedly embraced the party's founding ideology and re-introduced study sessions that hark back to the Mao era, as he stresses the need for China to be confident in its revolutionary history and political system.
"Even if it offends our post-communist conventional wisdom, I think we have to begin accepting the notion that Xi Jinping actually believes in Marx and Marxism," said Jude Blanchette, head of China practice for Crumpton Group, a Washington-based advisory firm.
The emphasis on Marx also helps widen the ideological gulf with Western capitalist democracies in the wake of such events as the 2008 global financial crisis and the election of U.S. President Donald Trump, Blanchette said.
"By embracing Marx even tighter, the party is contrasting itself with the 'failing' alternative political-economic model of the United States," he added.
© Thomson Reuters 2018
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
President Xi Jinping said that Writing Marxism onto the flag of the Chinese Communist Party was totally correct.
World | Reuters | Updated: May 04, 2018 14:34 IST
Chinese President Xi Jinping Says Marxism Still 'Totally Correct' For China
Xi Jinping instructed party members to read Marxist theories and understand them (Reuters)
BEIJING: The decision of China's ruling Communist Party to stick with the political theories of Karl Marx remains "totally correct", President Xi Jinping said ahead of the 200th anniversary of the German philosopher's birth on Saturday.
Since coming to power in 2012, Xi, widely seen as the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, has said the party must not forget its socialist roots as it works to attain the "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation".
At the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Friday, Xi said, "Writing Marxism onto the flag of the Chinese Communist Party was totally correct... Unceasingly promoting the sinification and modernisation of Marxism is totally correct."
Xi also instructed all party members to adopt the reading of Marxist works and the understanding of Marxist theories as a "way of life" and a "spiritual pursuit".
200th birth anniversary of karl marx beijing
An event commemorating the 200th birth anniversary of Karl Marx in Beijing (Reuters)
Xi's speech came near the end of a week-long propaganda blitz by state media, with chat shows saying "Marx was Right" and cartoons of his wild youth aiming to show his theories remain relevant to modern China and the next generation.
Today, China, the largest self-identified socialist country, outwardly displays all the trappings of a modern capitalist society, from rampant consumption to a massive gap between the urban elite and rural poor.
The apparent contradiction between party rhetoric and appearance has prompted many analysts to suggest the party is no longer really motivated by Marxism but puts practical and economic concerns above all else.
However, Xi has wholeheartedly embraced the party's founding ideology and re-introduced study sessions that hark back to the Mao era, as he stresses the need for China to be confident in its revolutionary history and political system.
"Even if it offends our post-communist conventional wisdom, I think we have to begin accepting the notion that Xi Jinping actually believes in Marx and Marxism," said Jude Blanchette, head of China practice for Crumpton Group, a Washington-based advisory firm.
The emphasis on Marx also helps widen the ideological gulf with Western capitalist democracies in the wake of such events as the 2008 global financial crisis and the election of U.S. President Donald Trump, Blanchette said.
"By embracing Marx even tighter, the party is contrasting itself with the 'failing' alternative political-economic model of the United States," he added.
© Thomson Reuters 2018
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
Giuliani’s FBI ‘Stormtroopers’ Smear Is the Key to Trump’s Authoritarian Mind-set - Intelligencer ( New York Magazine )
May 3, 2018
10:51 am
Giuliani’s FBI ‘Stormtroopers’ Smear Is the Key to Trump’s Authoritarian Mind-set
By Jonathan Chait
Jonathan Chait
@jonathanchait
Rudy Giuliani. Photo: Drew Angerer/Getty Images
In 1995, National Rifle Association president Wayne LaPierre signed his name to a fundraising letter referring to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms agents as “jack-booted government thugs.” The implicit association of American federal law enforcement with fascists provoked a furor. Former president George H. W. Bush publicly resigned his NRA membership in protest; LaPierre had to apologize.
Last night, in the midst of a long, deeply incriminating interview, Rudy Giuliani called FBI agents “stormtroopers.” Here was the president’s lawyer, not an outside lobbyist, comparing federal law enforcement to Nazis directly, rather than indirectly. The Washington Post’s account of Giuliani’s interview noted the remark in a single sentence, in the 30th paragraph of its story. The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Politico accounts of Giuliani’s interview did not even mention the stormtrooper remark at all.
No doubt the flurry of hair-on-fire legal jeopardy unleashed by Giuliani’s remarks helped bury the newsworthiness of his stormtrooper line. Still, the casualness with which the line was uttered and received does indicate something important about the way Republican thinking about law enforcement has evolved. The party’s respect for the rule of law is disintegrating before our eyes, and in its place is forming a Trumpian conviction that the law must be an instrument of reactionary power.
None of the insults lobbed at the FBI by Giuliani should be confused with the long-standing, principled critique of law enforcement. Civil libertarians have spent decades articulating objections to the power of law enforcement and defending them regardless of whether they happened to benefit the right or the left. (The ACLU is famous for its commitment to defend civil liberties for the far right.) Substantial evidence has shown pervasive racial bias in law enforcement.
But conservatives are not arguing for civil liberties in the abstract, or promoting a generalized policy of more lenient treatment of criminal suspects. Indeed, in the same interview, Giuliani called for James Comey to be prosecuted and Hillary Clinton to be thrown in prison, beliefs that, in the Trump era, have become almost banal. Republicans simultaneously advocate total impunity for their presidency from the law coupled with harsh and even extra-legal punishments for their enemies.
The potential for abuse in turning law enforcement into a weapon of the party that controls government is so terrifying that any democracy has to limit it. For decades, federal law enforcement has observed a series of norms, codified after Watergate, designed to wall it off from partisan considerations. The system hasn’t worked perfectly — it broke down in 2016, when James Comey violated FBI policy and announced one of the candidates was under federal investigation. Comey was attempting to placate Republican demands that the Bureau put more pressure on Clinton, and — assuming she would win — tried to head off postelection recriminations. It was a disastrous miscalculation. But many leading Democrats afforded him some measure of absolution for his error because they respected the norm he was attempting, however clumsily, to defend.
Republicans are now engaged in a concerted effort to break down these protections altogether. Trump and his allies in Congress have repeatedly demanded that the Department of Justice ramp up their investigation of Trump’s opponents and ease up or stop the investigation of Trump’s campaign collusion with Russia. Republicans in Congress have made a series of demands that Rod Rosenstein, the acting attorney general, turn over a wide array of documents related to the Russia probe. The Department of Justice has customarily walled off active investigations from congressional involvement, but Rosenstein (like Comey) has been trying to appease Republicans by giving them unusual access to his evidence.
Rosenstein appears to have reached a limit. The New York Times reported yesterday that Rosenstein and some FBI officials “have come to suspect that some lawmakers were using their oversight authority to gain intelligence about that investigation so that it could be shared with the White House.” The Republican document-demanding game is that they either force Rosenstein to compromise the investigation, letting them inside the prosecution so they can help Trump undermine it, or else he refuses their demands, giving them a pretext to fire him and install a more pliable figure. Rosenstein publicly declared the other day the game was up and he wasn’t going to be extorted any more.
The Wall Street Journal, which has served as a reliable mouthpiece for Trump’s legal defense, defends Congress’s right to take control of the investigation. “Congress is acting through its committees as a separate and co-equal branch of government—the branch that funds Justice and has the right and obligation to exercise oversight,” it editorializes. Rather than denying Rosenstein’s charge that his department is being extorted, the editorial confirms it, treating him like a cowering store owner who hasn’t quite got the message. “We don’t want to see Mr. Rosenstein fired or impeached,” the Journal concludes, “but he and the FBI need to recognize Congress’s constitutional authority.” Nice Department you got there, Rosenstein. We’d hate to see something happen to it.
Earlier this week, Vice-President Mike Pence went out of his way to honor former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio. The case of Arpaio epitomizes the cutting-edge Republican philosophy about the rule of law. Arpaio has devoted his career to running roughshod over the law, including defying court orders, in order to intimidate immigrant communities who may or may not have run afoul of immigration law. The veneration of Arpaio, including Trump’s pardon of him, expresses their simultaneous belief in the law as something to applied with unrestrained brutality in their own hands, but that can be ignored altogether when they run afoul of it.
The duality of thought is the key to understanding it. Just as Giuliani can call the famously straight-laced Comey “perverted” in the very same interview he casually conceded that his own client habitually pays hush money to porn stars, Republicans can both fear the law as an instrument of terror while coveting it for the same purpose. This duality is how they can toggle between demanding ruthless authoritarian power and then, when describing their own legal predicament, squealing like the most unhinged anti-government radicals, comparing the FBI to Nazis. Trump holds this view with long-standing fervor, and has always combined a, shall we say, casual approach to legal scruples with demands for merciless law enforcement against the other (from Hillary Clinton to the Central Park Five) without any cognitive dissonance.
But Trump is not sui generis; his authoritarian impulses merely represent a more extreme iteration of a growing impulse on the right. At some point, the power of Trump’s government will either break the rule of law, or be broken by it.
A big trade deal 'unlikely to happen' with Trump's team in China: Former government official - CNBC News
May 3, 2018
A big trade deal 'unlikely to happen' with Trump's team in China: Former government official
The best to expect from Trump's team in China this week is "incremental change," says Stefan Selig, former official in the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Obama administration.
Selig points out that relationship building is important for negotiations in China — something that is difficult to do considering Trump and his Cabinet have not been in office for very long.
He says administration officials should focus on eliminating intellectual property theft and creating fair trading practices that allow Western countries to invest in China.
Kellie Ell | @KellieAutumnEll
CNBC.com
Notion of getting deal done in China is ‘unrealistic’ says expert
Incremental change is the best to expect from the trip by President Donald Trump's team to China this week, Stefan Selig, a former undersecretary of commerce for international Trade at the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Obama administration, told CNBC on Thursday.
"Hard problems are hard to solve," Selig, who is now founder and managing partner of BridgePark Advisors, a financial services firm, said on "Power Lunch." "The notion that we're going to be able to do this [negotiation] in one meeting and we're going to send this team over and actually have something, have a big deal get done, is both naive and unrealistic."
"A big deal is unlikely to happen," he said.
The trip, which includes key members of the Trump administration such as Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin; Director of the National Economic Council Larry Kudlow; U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer; Trump's chief trade advisor, Peter Navarro; Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross; and U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad, is an attempt to ease trade tensions between the two countries while discussing the proposed $150 billion in U.S. tariffs and China's counter levies on autos, airplanes and soybeans.
The talks, led by Mnuchin and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, began on Thursday. The U.S. officials will depart Friday.
Selig, who headed the International Trade Administration at the Department of Commerce from 2014 to 2016 and himself has made five trips to China, pointed out that in Asia, relationship building is an important part of negotiations.
In fact, the Trump administration, in general, is made up of people, "who have been in office for a very short amount of time. So they don't know their counterparts."
John Rutledge, chief investment officer and investment committee member at Safanad, an investment firm, said understanding the Chinese way of negotiations is imperative for both countries.
"[America's] first reaction to trade things is always, tribal chest thumping: America good. China bad," Rutledge, who was awarded Beijing's Great Wall Friendship Award in recognition of his role as a trusted advisor to China's top officials and who has spent time in China, said on "Power Lunch."
But, he said, "The real game of trade are made at the individual level."
The United States imported about $479 billion from China in 2016, but exported only $170 billion, according to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. The U.S. goods and services trade deficit to China the same year was $385 billion. Trump said tariffs on steel and aluminum would correct what he deems an unfair trade system.
Meanwhile, the stock market continues to oscillate on news surrounding the visit and investor fears. The S&P 500 fell below its 200-day moving average Thursday morning to 2,615. The Dow Jones industrial average also dropped below the 200-day moving average, down nearly 400 points. The Dow reversed course and closed slightly higher, while the S&P pared some of those losses to end down modestly.
"It doesn't seem like there have been a clear set of objectives that have been laid out by the administration that they're going to achieve, other than the deficit reduction target and other than this industrial policy target," Selig said.
In addition to building relationships, Selig said U.S. officials should focus on issues regarding intellectual property theft and creating a level playing field for Western countries to invest in China.
"If we're focusing on this immediate $100 billion bilateral reduction to our deficit and expecting China to move away from their industrial plan, their so-called Made in China 2025," he said, referring to Beijing's program to upgrade China's domestic manufacturing base by way of more advanced products, "that is not going to happen."
A big trade deal 'unlikely to happen' with Trump's team in China: Former government official
The best to expect from Trump's team in China this week is "incremental change," says Stefan Selig, former official in the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Obama administration.
Selig points out that relationship building is important for negotiations in China — something that is difficult to do considering Trump and his Cabinet have not been in office for very long.
He says administration officials should focus on eliminating intellectual property theft and creating fair trading practices that allow Western countries to invest in China.
Kellie Ell | @KellieAutumnEll
CNBC.com
Notion of getting deal done in China is ‘unrealistic’ says expert
Incremental change is the best to expect from the trip by President Donald Trump's team to China this week, Stefan Selig, a former undersecretary of commerce for international Trade at the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Obama administration, told CNBC on Thursday.
"Hard problems are hard to solve," Selig, who is now founder and managing partner of BridgePark Advisors, a financial services firm, said on "Power Lunch." "The notion that we're going to be able to do this [negotiation] in one meeting and we're going to send this team over and actually have something, have a big deal get done, is both naive and unrealistic."
"A big deal is unlikely to happen," he said.
The trip, which includes key members of the Trump administration such as Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin; Director of the National Economic Council Larry Kudlow; U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer; Trump's chief trade advisor, Peter Navarro; Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross; and U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad, is an attempt to ease trade tensions between the two countries while discussing the proposed $150 billion in U.S. tariffs and China's counter levies on autos, airplanes and soybeans.
The talks, led by Mnuchin and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, began on Thursday. The U.S. officials will depart Friday.
Selig, who headed the International Trade Administration at the Department of Commerce from 2014 to 2016 and himself has made five trips to China, pointed out that in Asia, relationship building is an important part of negotiations.
In fact, the Trump administration, in general, is made up of people, "who have been in office for a very short amount of time. So they don't know their counterparts."
John Rutledge, chief investment officer and investment committee member at Safanad, an investment firm, said understanding the Chinese way of negotiations is imperative for both countries.
"[America's] first reaction to trade things is always, tribal chest thumping: America good. China bad," Rutledge, who was awarded Beijing's Great Wall Friendship Award in recognition of his role as a trusted advisor to China's top officials and who has spent time in China, said on "Power Lunch."
But, he said, "The real game of trade are made at the individual level."
The United States imported about $479 billion from China in 2016, but exported only $170 billion, according to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. The U.S. goods and services trade deficit to China the same year was $385 billion. Trump said tariffs on steel and aluminum would correct what he deems an unfair trade system.
Meanwhile, the stock market continues to oscillate on news surrounding the visit and investor fears. The S&P 500 fell below its 200-day moving average Thursday morning to 2,615. The Dow Jones industrial average also dropped below the 200-day moving average, down nearly 400 points. The Dow reversed course and closed slightly higher, while the S&P pared some of those losses to end down modestly.
"It doesn't seem like there have been a clear set of objectives that have been laid out by the administration that they're going to achieve, other than the deficit reduction target and other than this industrial policy target," Selig said.
In addition to building relationships, Selig said U.S. officials should focus on issues regarding intellectual property theft and creating a level playing field for Western countries to invest in China.
"If we're focusing on this immediate $100 billion bilateral reduction to our deficit and expecting China to move away from their industrial plan, their so-called Made in China 2025," he said, referring to Beijing's program to upgrade China's domestic manufacturing base by way of more advanced products, "that is not going to happen."
Rudy Giuliani Just Made Trump’s Stormy Daniels Scandal Even Messier - Fortune
Rudy Giuliani Just Made Trump’s Stormy Daniels Scandal Even Messier
By NATASHA BACH May 3, 2018
President Donald Trump reimbursed the $130,000 his lawyer Michael Cohen paid to porn star Stormy Daniels ahead of the 2016 presidential election.
That’s according to Rudy Giuliani, the former mayor of New York City and recent addition to Trump’s legal team.
The Fox interview
While speaking to Fox News’ Sean Hannity on Wednesday, Giuliani explained that “the money was not campaign money.”
“Sorry, I’m giving you a fact now that you don’t know,” Giuliani said. “It’s not campaign money. No campaign finance violation.”
“They funneled through a law firm, and the president repaid it,” he said.
Cohen paid Daniels $130,000 in hush money to stay quiet about her alleged affair with Trump amid the 2016 race. It’s dogged the president in recent weeks—not only because it points to an extramarital affair, but because it could be seen as a campaign contribution by Cohen and the amount exceeds limits on individual donations.
When pressed further on the matter, Giuliani on Wednesday said that a lawyer handling such a settlement without his client knowing the specifics “is a very regular thing for lawyers to do.”
A contradiction?
Despite Giuliani’s insistence that Trump didn’t know the nature of the $130,000 payment when it was made, Giuliani’s comments to Fox News seemed to contradict Trump’s previous assertions that he knew nothing about the Daniels hush money.
As recently as April 6, Trump told reporters that he did not know about the payment. For his part, Cohen has repeatedly asserted that the hush money paid to Daniels was from his own pocket.
So why would Giuliani give a statement seemingly at odds with the president’s?
In short, Giuliani’s primary goal was to demonstrate that Cohen had not committed a campaign finance violation by stating that Trump had repaid Cohen the $130,000 from his personal funds.
(Cohen is being investigated for possible campaign finance violations, as well as bank fraud and wire fraud.)
Still raises legal questions
However, Giuliani did not paint the full picture, and his attempt to explain the payment arrangement may have made things even less clear.
The nature of the payment to Daniels matters a great deal here.
If it was intended to influence the election, Cohen’s payment would have counted as an in-kind contribution and Trump’s purported repayment would have constituted a campaign expenditure. Both would have required disclosures, according to campaign finance laws.
Trump’s campaign did not disclose the reimbursement to Cohen on its reports.
On the other hand, if the payment to Daniels had a more mundane purpose—to hide the affair from Trump’s wife Melania, for instance—it’s essentially a personal matter and would not factor into campaign finance disclosure regulations.
President Trump’s tweets
President Trump on Thursday took to Twitter to assure the American people that the latter instance is in fact case.
“Mr. Cohen, an attorney, received a monthly retainer, not from the campaign and having nothing to do with the campaign, from which he entered into, through reimbursement, a private contract between two parties, known as a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA,” the president tweeted. Adding: “Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no roll in this transaction.”
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
Mr. Cohen, an attorney, received a monthly retainer, not from the campaign and having nothing to do with the campaign, from which he entered into, through reimbursement, a private contract between two parties, known as a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA. These agreements are.....
8:46 PM - May 3, 2018
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
...very common among celebrities and people of wealth. In this case it is in full force and effect and will be used in Arbitration for damages against Ms. Clifford (Daniels). The agreement was used to stop the false and extortionist accusations made by her about an affair,......
8:54 PM - May 3, 2018
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
...despite already having signed a detailed letter admitting that there was no affair. Prior to its violation by Ms. Clifford and her attorney, this was a private agreement. Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no roll in this transaction.
9:00 PM - May 3, 2018
When Trump was informed about the payment is also of significance, and Giuliani was sketchy on that detail. In general, violations of the Federal Election Campaign Act’s disclosure provisions are misdemeanors, but “a knowing and willful violation could be a felony,” explains The New York Times.
Asked in a later interview with The Washington Post whether Trump was not aware of the payment when it was made, or if he was still unaware of it when he spoke to reporters about it in April, Giuliani replied, “Both. I think.”
By NATASHA BACH May 3, 2018
President Donald Trump reimbursed the $130,000 his lawyer Michael Cohen paid to porn star Stormy Daniels ahead of the 2016 presidential election.
That’s according to Rudy Giuliani, the former mayor of New York City and recent addition to Trump’s legal team.
The Fox interview
While speaking to Fox News’ Sean Hannity on Wednesday, Giuliani explained that “the money was not campaign money.”
“Sorry, I’m giving you a fact now that you don’t know,” Giuliani said. “It’s not campaign money. No campaign finance violation.”
“They funneled through a law firm, and the president repaid it,” he said.
Cohen paid Daniels $130,000 in hush money to stay quiet about her alleged affair with Trump amid the 2016 race. It’s dogged the president in recent weeks—not only because it points to an extramarital affair, but because it could be seen as a campaign contribution by Cohen and the amount exceeds limits on individual donations.
When pressed further on the matter, Giuliani on Wednesday said that a lawyer handling such a settlement without his client knowing the specifics “is a very regular thing for lawyers to do.”
A contradiction?
Despite Giuliani’s insistence that Trump didn’t know the nature of the $130,000 payment when it was made, Giuliani’s comments to Fox News seemed to contradict Trump’s previous assertions that he knew nothing about the Daniels hush money.
As recently as April 6, Trump told reporters that he did not know about the payment. For his part, Cohen has repeatedly asserted that the hush money paid to Daniels was from his own pocket.
So why would Giuliani give a statement seemingly at odds with the president’s?
In short, Giuliani’s primary goal was to demonstrate that Cohen had not committed a campaign finance violation by stating that Trump had repaid Cohen the $130,000 from his personal funds.
(Cohen is being investigated for possible campaign finance violations, as well as bank fraud and wire fraud.)
Still raises legal questions
However, Giuliani did not paint the full picture, and his attempt to explain the payment arrangement may have made things even less clear.
The nature of the payment to Daniels matters a great deal here.
If it was intended to influence the election, Cohen’s payment would have counted as an in-kind contribution and Trump’s purported repayment would have constituted a campaign expenditure. Both would have required disclosures, according to campaign finance laws.
Trump’s campaign did not disclose the reimbursement to Cohen on its reports.
On the other hand, if the payment to Daniels had a more mundane purpose—to hide the affair from Trump’s wife Melania, for instance—it’s essentially a personal matter and would not factor into campaign finance disclosure regulations.
President Trump’s tweets
President Trump on Thursday took to Twitter to assure the American people that the latter instance is in fact case.
“Mr. Cohen, an attorney, received a monthly retainer, not from the campaign and having nothing to do with the campaign, from which he entered into, through reimbursement, a private contract between two parties, known as a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA,” the president tweeted. Adding: “Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no roll in this transaction.”
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
Mr. Cohen, an attorney, received a monthly retainer, not from the campaign and having nothing to do with the campaign, from which he entered into, through reimbursement, a private contract between two parties, known as a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA. These agreements are.....
8:46 PM - May 3, 2018
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
...very common among celebrities and people of wealth. In this case it is in full force and effect and will be used in Arbitration for damages against Ms. Clifford (Daniels). The agreement was used to stop the false and extortionist accusations made by her about an affair,......
8:54 PM - May 3, 2018
Donald J. Trump
✔
@realDonaldTrump
...despite already having signed a detailed letter admitting that there was no affair. Prior to its violation by Ms. Clifford and her attorney, this was a private agreement. Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no roll in this transaction.
9:00 PM - May 3, 2018
When Trump was informed about the payment is also of significance, and Giuliani was sketchy on that detail. In general, violations of the Federal Election Campaign Act’s disclosure provisions are misdemeanors, but “a knowing and willful violation could be a felony,” explains The New York Times.
Asked in a later interview with The Washington Post whether Trump was not aware of the payment when it was made, or if he was still unaware of it when he spoke to reporters about it in April, Giuliani replied, “Both. I think.”
Months after Parkland shooting, Trump to embrace NRA in rally-like speech - Reuters
MAY 4, 2018 / 8:05 PM / UPDATED 17 MINUTES AGO
Months after Parkland shooting, Trump to embrace NRA in rally-like speech
Jeff Mason
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Donald Trump, who briefly pledged to “fight” the National Rifle Association after a February mass shooting at a Florida high school, is expected to throw his full weight behind the powerful gun rights group on Friday at an event in Dallas.
FILE PHOTO: U.S. President Donald Trump participates in the National Day of Prayer ceremony at the White House in Washington, U.S., May 3, 2018. REUTERS/Leah Millis
In addressing the gun lobbying group’s annual convention, the Republican president will emphasize his support for gun rights in political terms, likely claiming again that Democrats want to take away Americans’ firearms, a White House official said.
This will be Trump’s fourth speech to the powerful NRA and, with control of the U.S. Congress up for grabs in November’s midterm elections and campaigns under way, it is expected to include familiar warnings meant to excite the Republican voter base.
“These things typically are pretty ‘rah, rah Second Amendment’ types of addresses,” the official said, adding that Trump likely will say that Democrats oppose the constitutional amendment that protects gun ownership.
The massacre that killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on Feb. 14 seemed to mark a turning point in America’s long-running gun debate, sparking a youth-led movement for tighter gun controls.
Days after the shooting, Trump promised action on gun regulation and at a gathering of state officials, said this of the NRA: “We have to fight them every once in a while.”
Since then, no major new federal gun controls have been imposed, although the administration is pursuing a proposed regulatory ban on bump stocks of the sort used in an October 2017 mass shooting in Las Vegas that killed 59 people.
A bump stock allows a semi-automatic rifle to fire like an automatic one. Semi-automatic assault rifles are sold widely in the United States, which has the world’s highest per capita gun ownership rates. The NRA has fiercely defended America’s gun ownership rights for many years, citing the Second Amendment.
RHETORICAL SHIFT
Since Parkland, Trump has largely moved his rhetoric back in line with the NRA, which endorsed him in his 2016 presidential election campaign and gave him its financial backing.
The group’s convention in Texas will attract a strongly pro-Trump crowd, officials said, giving the president room to take some swipes at his opponents, review his record in office and complain about Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation of possible collusion between Trump’s 2016 campaign and Russia.
The event was likely to be “reminiscent of rallies past,” a second White House official said.
A Reuters/Ipsos poll found in March 2018 that 54 percent of adults wanted “strong regulations or restrictions” for firearms. That was up from 39 percent in a similar poll from April 2012.
Among Republicans in the poll, 40 percent wanted strong regulations or restrictions in March 2018, up from 22 percent in April 2012.
Trump met with NRA officials privately at the White House twice in February as he mulled policy responses to the shooting. He eventually endorsed an NRA proposal to arm teachers, a step the group said would help prevent mass school shootings. Gun control activists generally oppose that idea.
Trump initially expressed enthusiasm for measures to close loopholes for gun buyers seeking to avoid the background check system, raise the age limit for buying rifles, and find ways to seize guns temporarily from people reported to be dangerous.
He has since endorsed more modest proposals, such as legislation aimed at providing more data for the background check system. He did not endorse closing a loophole in existing law that would require background checks for guns bought at guns shows or sales arranged over the internet.
Reporting by Jeff Mason; Additional reporting by Chris Kahn; Editing by Kevin Drawbaugh and Bill Trott
Months after Parkland shooting, Trump to embrace NRA in rally-like speech
Jeff Mason
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Donald Trump, who briefly pledged to “fight” the National Rifle Association after a February mass shooting at a Florida high school, is expected to throw his full weight behind the powerful gun rights group on Friday at an event in Dallas.
FILE PHOTO: U.S. President Donald Trump participates in the National Day of Prayer ceremony at the White House in Washington, U.S., May 3, 2018. REUTERS/Leah Millis
In addressing the gun lobbying group’s annual convention, the Republican president will emphasize his support for gun rights in political terms, likely claiming again that Democrats want to take away Americans’ firearms, a White House official said.
This will be Trump’s fourth speech to the powerful NRA and, with control of the U.S. Congress up for grabs in November’s midterm elections and campaigns under way, it is expected to include familiar warnings meant to excite the Republican voter base.
“These things typically are pretty ‘rah, rah Second Amendment’ types of addresses,” the official said, adding that Trump likely will say that Democrats oppose the constitutional amendment that protects gun ownership.
The massacre that killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on Feb. 14 seemed to mark a turning point in America’s long-running gun debate, sparking a youth-led movement for tighter gun controls.
Days after the shooting, Trump promised action on gun regulation and at a gathering of state officials, said this of the NRA: “We have to fight them every once in a while.”
Since then, no major new federal gun controls have been imposed, although the administration is pursuing a proposed regulatory ban on bump stocks of the sort used in an October 2017 mass shooting in Las Vegas that killed 59 people.
A bump stock allows a semi-automatic rifle to fire like an automatic one. Semi-automatic assault rifles are sold widely in the United States, which has the world’s highest per capita gun ownership rates. The NRA has fiercely defended America’s gun ownership rights for many years, citing the Second Amendment.
RHETORICAL SHIFT
Since Parkland, Trump has largely moved his rhetoric back in line with the NRA, which endorsed him in his 2016 presidential election campaign and gave him its financial backing.
The group’s convention in Texas will attract a strongly pro-Trump crowd, officials said, giving the president room to take some swipes at his opponents, review his record in office and complain about Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation of possible collusion between Trump’s 2016 campaign and Russia.
The event was likely to be “reminiscent of rallies past,” a second White House official said.
A Reuters/Ipsos poll found in March 2018 that 54 percent of adults wanted “strong regulations or restrictions” for firearms. That was up from 39 percent in a similar poll from April 2012.
Among Republicans in the poll, 40 percent wanted strong regulations or restrictions in March 2018, up from 22 percent in April 2012.
Trump met with NRA officials privately at the White House twice in February as he mulled policy responses to the shooting. He eventually endorsed an NRA proposal to arm teachers, a step the group said would help prevent mass school shootings. Gun control activists generally oppose that idea.
Trump initially expressed enthusiasm for measures to close loopholes for gun buyers seeking to avoid the background check system, raise the age limit for buying rifles, and find ways to seize guns temporarily from people reported to be dangerous.
He has since endorsed more modest proposals, such as legislation aimed at providing more data for the background check system. He did not endorse closing a loophole in existing law that would require background checks for guns bought at guns shows or sales arranged over the internet.
Reporting by Jeff Mason; Additional reporting by Chris Kahn; Editing by Kevin Drawbaugh and Bill Trott
Warren Buffett: Obsessing over iPhone X sales in the near term 'totally misses the point' on Apple's stock - CNBC News
Warren Buffett: Obsessing over iPhone X sales in the near term 'totally misses the point' on Apple's stock
Berkeley Lovelace Jr. | @BerkeleyJr
Published May 3, 2018
CNBC.com
Warren Buffett
David A. Grogan | CNBC
Warren Buffett
Billionaire investor Warren Buffett said long-term investors of Apple's stock shouldn't obsess with near-term iPhone sales.
"The idea that you're going to spend loads of time trying to guess how many iPhone X or whatever may be are going to be sold in a 3 month period totally misses the point," the Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO said in a "Squawk Box" interview that aired Friday. "It's like worrying about the number of BlackBerrys 10 years ago."
Buffett revealed that Berkshire bought an astounding 75 million shares of Apple during the first quarter That adds to the 165.3 million shares Berkshire already owned at the end of 2017.
Apple has "a wide, wide gap. I mean its an amazing business. I mean here is a company that whatever the earnings are 60 billion or whatever and you can put all of their products on a dining room table," he told CNBC's Becky Quick.
Buffett spoke to CNBC Thursday evening from Omaha, Nebraska, where tens of thousands of Berkshire shareholders will be gathering this weekend for Saturday's annual meeting.
Berkshire first made an investment in Apple in 2016 after a person at the firm bought about 10 million shares. Buffett then looked at the stock and purchased considerably more, the billionaire recalled in August to CNBC . He added he's never sold an Apple share.
Apple reported quarterly earnings this week that beat expectations but sold fewer iPhones than expected. It also increased its quarterly dividend by 16 percent and announced a $100 billion buyback program.
Berkeley Lovelace Jr. | @BerkeleyJr
Published May 3, 2018
CNBC.com
Warren Buffett
David A. Grogan | CNBC
Warren Buffett
Billionaire investor Warren Buffett said long-term investors of Apple's stock shouldn't obsess with near-term iPhone sales.
"The idea that you're going to spend loads of time trying to guess how many iPhone X or whatever may be are going to be sold in a 3 month period totally misses the point," the Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO said in a "Squawk Box" interview that aired Friday. "It's like worrying about the number of BlackBerrys 10 years ago."
Buffett revealed that Berkshire bought an astounding 75 million shares of Apple during the first quarter That adds to the 165.3 million shares Berkshire already owned at the end of 2017.
Apple has "a wide, wide gap. I mean its an amazing business. I mean here is a company that whatever the earnings are 60 billion or whatever and you can put all of their products on a dining room table," he told CNBC's Becky Quick.
Buffett spoke to CNBC Thursday evening from Omaha, Nebraska, where tens of thousands of Berkshire shareholders will be gathering this weekend for Saturday's annual meeting.
Berkshire first made an investment in Apple in 2016 after a person at the firm bought about 10 million shares. Buffett then looked at the stock and purchased considerably more, the billionaire recalled in August to CNBC . He added he's never sold an Apple share.
Apple reported quarterly earnings this week that beat expectations but sold fewer iPhones than expected. It also increased its quarterly dividend by 16 percent and announced a $100 billion buyback program.
Striking Arizona Teachers Win a 20% Raise, But It's Not a Complete Victory - Fortune
May 4, 2018
Striking Arizona Teachers Win a 20% Raise, But It's Not a Complete Victory
These Oklahoma Teachers Explain the Reason Behind Their Strike
And what they want to see happen.
By NATASHA BACH 4:30 AM EDT
Teachers across Arizona will return to school on Friday, six days after beginning their statewide strike.
The end to the strike follows the signing of new legislation by Gov. Doug Ducey that addresses some, but not all, of their demands. The state House and Senate “pulled an all-nighter” to get the bill to his desk, according to The Hill.
The measure will give teachers a 20% raise by 2020 and provide an additional $371 to education funding over the next five years, restoring in part the funding cut during the recession.
Nevertheless, the legislation did not include provisions for pay increases for other support staff such as librarians and counselors, nor does the increased funding reach the requested $1 billion.
Ralph Quintana, president of the Arizona American Federation of Teachers, told The Wall Street Journal that “even though the economy has recovered, they’re refusing to give us the restoration of our yearly funding. It’s a step in the right direction, but it’s not going to fix the problem.”
At the peak of the strike, more than 1,000 schools were closed, affecting more than 850,000 students.
Striking Arizona Teachers Win a 20% Raise, But It's Not a Complete Victory
These Oklahoma Teachers Explain the Reason Behind Their Strike
And what they want to see happen.
By NATASHA BACH 4:30 AM EDT
Teachers across Arizona will return to school on Friday, six days after beginning their statewide strike.
The end to the strike follows the signing of new legislation by Gov. Doug Ducey that addresses some, but not all, of their demands. The state House and Senate “pulled an all-nighter” to get the bill to his desk, according to The Hill.
The measure will give teachers a 20% raise by 2020 and provide an additional $371 to education funding over the next five years, restoring in part the funding cut during the recession.
Nevertheless, the legislation did not include provisions for pay increases for other support staff such as librarians and counselors, nor does the increased funding reach the requested $1 billion.
Ralph Quintana, president of the Arizona American Federation of Teachers, told The Wall Street Journal that “even though the economy has recovered, they’re refusing to give us the restoration of our yearly funding. It’s a step in the right direction, but it’s not going to fix the problem.”
At the peak of the strike, more than 1,000 schools were closed, affecting more than 850,000 students.
Young women are more left wing than men – this is why - Independent
May 4, 2018
Young women are more left wing than men – this is why
Parties often make particular efforts to appeal to 'women voters' when campaigning. However, an analysis shows that there are considerable differences between younger and older women in their voting preferences
Rosalind Shorrocks 1
Left-wing parties need to think about whether their younger women supporters will stick with them as they age Getty
Young women across Western Europe and Canada are more left wing than their male counterparts, according to new research I carried out that also shows among older voters women more likely to be right wing than men.
We already know that younger people are often more likely to vote for left-wing parties than their older peers, but it seems this trend is particularly pronounced among women. Younger women are the most left wing in their voting habits and older women the most right wing when we compared voters by age and gender. This is shown in a study using data on over 40,000 people from the World Values Survey/European Values Study in Western Europe and Canada, 1989-2014.
This trend is summarised in the graph below. Negative numbers indicate more men voting for a left-wing party in a given country. Positive numbers indicate more women voting for a left-wing party. In almost all countries, women born after 1955 are more likely to vote for left-wing parties than men of the same age group. Conversely, in many countries, women born before 1955 are less likely to vote for left-wing parties than their male peers.
how-people-vote.png
(Rosalind Shorrocks)
The research also showed that the gender gap in left-wing voting became larger for each new birth cohort. So, for example, the difference between women and men in left-wing voting was even greater for those born 1975-85 than it was for those born 1965-75. This suggests that over time we should expect women to become more and more left wing relative to men, as younger, more left-wing cohorts of women replace older, more right-wing cohorts in the population.
The analysis shows that the decline of religiosity is crucial to explaining the trend. Older women are more religious and their religiosity is also more important for their vote choice compared to younger women. Religious voters are more likely to hold conservative social values and attachments to religious parties. This means that older women are more likely to vote for parties on the right – especially Christian democrat parties. Similarly, they are less likely to vote for parties on the left.
On the other hand, younger women tend to have a stronger preference for redistribution and see a larger role for the state compared to men. They vote for left-wing parties in line with these preferences. Older women are also more left wing in their economic policy preferences compared to men, but their greater religiosity trumps these preferences when it comes to their vote choice.
Parties often make particular efforts to appeal to “women voters” when campaigning. However, this analysis shows that there are considerable differences between younger and older women in their voting preferences. Appealing to the “women’s vote” might make less sense than, say, appealing to young women or older women.
This is a challenge for both left- and right-wing parties. Conservative and Christian democratic parties have historically had strong support among religious women, who are concentrated in older generations. However, this is now a cause for concern. Although older voters are more likely to turn out to vote than younger voters, the religious older generations are also becoming a smaller proportion of European electorates through generational replacement. Older generations die out and are replaced with new, secular ones. With an ageing support base and a decline in religiosity especially for women, Conservative or Christian democratic parties may no longer be able to rely on their traditional positions or messages.
Left-wing parties, especially Social democratic ones, need to think about whether their younger women supporters will stick with them as they age. If they do, this perhaps offers hope for these parties. As their traditional support base of the working class declines in size, they might find a new one in the form of younger cohorts of women.
However, in the intervening period, these left-wing parties will face a challenge of balancing the different values and priorities of their traditional base – older, working class men – and their new supporters – younger cohorts of women. Both left-wing and right-wing parties may have to start re-examining how they appeal to female voters.
Rosalind Shorrocks is a lecturer in politics at the University of Manchester
This article originally appeared in The Conversation (theconversation.com)
Young women are more left wing than men – this is why
Parties often make particular efforts to appeal to 'women voters' when campaigning. However, an analysis shows that there are considerable differences between younger and older women in their voting preferences
Rosalind Shorrocks 1
Left-wing parties need to think about whether their younger women supporters will stick with them as they age Getty
Young women across Western Europe and Canada are more left wing than their male counterparts, according to new research I carried out that also shows among older voters women more likely to be right wing than men.
We already know that younger people are often more likely to vote for left-wing parties than their older peers, but it seems this trend is particularly pronounced among women. Younger women are the most left wing in their voting habits and older women the most right wing when we compared voters by age and gender. This is shown in a study using data on over 40,000 people from the World Values Survey/European Values Study in Western Europe and Canada, 1989-2014.
This trend is summarised in the graph below. Negative numbers indicate more men voting for a left-wing party in a given country. Positive numbers indicate more women voting for a left-wing party. In almost all countries, women born after 1955 are more likely to vote for left-wing parties than men of the same age group. Conversely, in many countries, women born before 1955 are less likely to vote for left-wing parties than their male peers.
how-people-vote.png
(Rosalind Shorrocks)
The research also showed that the gender gap in left-wing voting became larger for each new birth cohort. So, for example, the difference between women and men in left-wing voting was even greater for those born 1975-85 than it was for those born 1965-75. This suggests that over time we should expect women to become more and more left wing relative to men, as younger, more left-wing cohorts of women replace older, more right-wing cohorts in the population.
The analysis shows that the decline of religiosity is crucial to explaining the trend. Older women are more religious and their religiosity is also more important for their vote choice compared to younger women. Religious voters are more likely to hold conservative social values and attachments to religious parties. This means that older women are more likely to vote for parties on the right – especially Christian democrat parties. Similarly, they are less likely to vote for parties on the left.
On the other hand, younger women tend to have a stronger preference for redistribution and see a larger role for the state compared to men. They vote for left-wing parties in line with these preferences. Older women are also more left wing in their economic policy preferences compared to men, but their greater religiosity trumps these preferences when it comes to their vote choice.
Parties often make particular efforts to appeal to “women voters” when campaigning. However, this analysis shows that there are considerable differences between younger and older women in their voting preferences. Appealing to the “women’s vote” might make less sense than, say, appealing to young women or older women.
This is a challenge for both left- and right-wing parties. Conservative and Christian democratic parties have historically had strong support among religious women, who are concentrated in older generations. However, this is now a cause for concern. Although older voters are more likely to turn out to vote than younger voters, the religious older generations are also becoming a smaller proportion of European electorates through generational replacement. Older generations die out and are replaced with new, secular ones. With an ageing support base and a decline in religiosity especially for women, Conservative or Christian democratic parties may no longer be able to rely on their traditional positions or messages.
Left-wing parties, especially Social democratic ones, need to think about whether their younger women supporters will stick with them as they age. If they do, this perhaps offers hope for these parties. As their traditional support base of the working class declines in size, they might find a new one in the form of younger cohorts of women.
However, in the intervening period, these left-wing parties will face a challenge of balancing the different values and priorities of their traditional base – older, working class men – and their new supporters – younger cohorts of women. Both left-wing and right-wing parties may have to start re-examining how they appeal to female voters.
Rosalind Shorrocks is a lecturer in politics at the University of Manchester
This article originally appeared in The Conversation (theconversation.com)
Why David Goodall, 104, Renowned Australian Scientist, Wants to Die - New York Times
Why David Goodall, 104, Renowned Australian Scientist, Wants to Die
By YONETTE JOSEPHMAY 3, 2018
David Goodall is not terminally ill but says his quality of life has deteriorated so badly that he has no reason to live. Credit Exit International, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
David Goodall, 104, an accomplished Australian scientist, isn’t terminally ill, but he wants to die.
Mr. Goodall says his quality of life has deteriorated so badly that he has no reason to live, and he would like to end his life through assisted suicide. But he can’t do it in his own country, where the practice is banned.
So on Wednesday, he took what was expected to be his last flight, bound for Europe, to accomplish his goal — and his quest has renewed a debate in Australia about the right to end one’s life and what role others should play.
Mr. Goodall left his home in Perth to fly to an assisted-dying agency in Basel, Switzerland, a country where assisted suicide has been allowed for decades.
Though nations like Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (along with some American states and the District of Columbia) permit euthanasia or assisted suicide, Switzerland is the only country with centers that offer assisted-suicide services to foreigners if the person assisting acts unselfishly.
Dutch Law Would Allow Assisted Suicide for Healthy Older People OCT. 13, 2016
At His Own Wake, Celebrating Life and the Gift of Death MAY 25, 2017
MY MOST MEMORABLE INTERVIEW / 2017
Rules for Reporting a Planned Death: No Photos, No Pad, No Pen DEC. 18, 2017
Who May Die? California Patients and Doctors Wrestle With Assisted Suicide JUNE 9, 2016
When Mr. Goodall, a renowned ecologist, turned 104 in April, he told the Australian broadcaster ABC, “I greatly regret having reached that age.”
Asked if he was happy, he responded: “I’m not happy. I want to die. It’s not sad particularly. What is sad is if one is prevented.”
TicToc by Bloomberg
✔
@tictoc
104-yr-old Australian, David Goodall, has flown to Switzerland to end his life #tictocnews
5:47 PM - May 3, 2018
At the airport on Wednesday, Mr. Goodall expressed regret at having to leave Australia to fulfill his wish, telling reporters, “I’m sorry that I have to travel to Switzerland in order to execute it.”
Sitting in a wheelchair, he added: “I’ve lived quite a good life until recently. The last year has been less satisfactory for me because I couldn’t do things.”
Philip Nitschke, a right-to-die activist and author whose organization, Exit International, helped Mr. Goodall pay for his plane ticket in business class through a GoFundMe campaign, said on Twitter: “Australia will not allow him to access the drugs to achieve this, but Switzerland does.”
He added, “The world is changing but Australia lags badly.”
Assisted suicide has been banned in Australia for decades. In 1995, the Northern Territory became the first legislature in the world to pass a law for voluntary euthanasia, but it was overturned by the national Parliament in 1997.
Victoria State passed a bill in 2017 to legalize assisted suicide, but it could not benefit Mr. Goodall. Set to go into effect in June 2019, it will apply only to terminally ill patients who are of sound mind and who have a life expectancy of no more than six months.
Mr. Goodall with his grandson in Perth on Wednesday, as he left for Switzerland. Credit Sophie Moore/EPA, via Shutterstock
The Australian Medical Association is generally strongly opposed to assisted dying. “Doctors are not trained to kill people. It is deep within our ethics, deep within our training that that’s not appropriate,” its president, Dr. Michael Gannon, said during a legislative debate in Victoria last year.
“Not every doctor agrees with that,” he allowed.
Indeed, a survey of the A.M.A. found that four in 10 members supported right-to-die policies, according to the BBC.
Mr. Goodall, who was born in Britain, began his scientific career at Imperial College in London, according to Exit International. At the University of Melbourne, he was a senior lecturer and held positions at what is now the University of Ghana; the University of Reading, England; the University of California; and Utah State University, among other institutions.
Having earned three doctorates, he worked with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, an independent Australian government agency, until his semiretirement in 1979. He was awarded the Order of Australia at age 101.
Mr. Goodall lived alone in his later years, though he has children and several grandchildren. Most of his friends have died. But he did his own shopping, read Shakespeare and presented poetry to a group.
Until 2016, he worked as an honorary research associate at the Center for Ecosystem Management at Edith Cowan University in Perth, taking two buses and a train to get to his office four days a week.
When he was 102 and called Australia’s oldest working scientist, the university stirred up a tempest by asking Mr. Goodall to vacate his office on the grounds that he was too frail and a safety risk to himself. He challenged the decision, but he moved closer to home to continue working.
His world became smaller, however, as he was forced to give up driving and performing in the theater, Carol O’Neill, a friend and a representative of Exit International, told the BBC.
“It was just the beginning of the end,” she said.
Then, last month, he fell in his one-bedroom apartment and was not found for two days. Doctors ordered him not to use public transport or even to cross the road by himself. His physical condition deteriorated.
His daughter, Karen Goodall-Smith, a clinical psychologist, told ABC at his party that his work had probably been keeping him alive. “His work is his hobby, as well as his passion,” she said, “and without his work, I don’t think that there would be a purpose for him any more.”
Ms. Goodall-Smith added, according to Exit: “He has no control over his life, over his body, over his eyesight. He has lived a really good 104 years. Whatever happens, whatever choices are made, they’re up to him.”
Mr. Goodall is adamant. “One should be free to use the rest of one’s life as one chooses,” he has said. “If one chooses to kill oneself, then that’s fair enough. I don’t think anyone else should interfere.”
According to ABC, he is expected to succumb next Thursday.
By YONETTE JOSEPHMAY 3, 2018
David Goodall is not terminally ill but says his quality of life has deteriorated so badly that he has no reason to live. Credit Exit International, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
David Goodall, 104, an accomplished Australian scientist, isn’t terminally ill, but he wants to die.
Mr. Goodall says his quality of life has deteriorated so badly that he has no reason to live, and he would like to end his life through assisted suicide. But he can’t do it in his own country, where the practice is banned.
So on Wednesday, he took what was expected to be his last flight, bound for Europe, to accomplish his goal — and his quest has renewed a debate in Australia about the right to end one’s life and what role others should play.
Mr. Goodall left his home in Perth to fly to an assisted-dying agency in Basel, Switzerland, a country where assisted suicide has been allowed for decades.
Though nations like Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (along with some American states and the District of Columbia) permit euthanasia or assisted suicide, Switzerland is the only country with centers that offer assisted-suicide services to foreigners if the person assisting acts unselfishly.
Dutch Law Would Allow Assisted Suicide for Healthy Older People OCT. 13, 2016
At His Own Wake, Celebrating Life and the Gift of Death MAY 25, 2017
MY MOST MEMORABLE INTERVIEW / 2017
Rules for Reporting a Planned Death: No Photos, No Pad, No Pen DEC. 18, 2017
Who May Die? California Patients and Doctors Wrestle With Assisted Suicide JUNE 9, 2016
When Mr. Goodall, a renowned ecologist, turned 104 in April, he told the Australian broadcaster ABC, “I greatly regret having reached that age.”
Asked if he was happy, he responded: “I’m not happy. I want to die. It’s not sad particularly. What is sad is if one is prevented.”
TicToc by Bloomberg
✔
@tictoc
104-yr-old Australian, David Goodall, has flown to Switzerland to end his life #tictocnews
5:47 PM - May 3, 2018
At the airport on Wednesday, Mr. Goodall expressed regret at having to leave Australia to fulfill his wish, telling reporters, “I’m sorry that I have to travel to Switzerland in order to execute it.”
Sitting in a wheelchair, he added: “I’ve lived quite a good life until recently. The last year has been less satisfactory for me because I couldn’t do things.”
Philip Nitschke, a right-to-die activist and author whose organization, Exit International, helped Mr. Goodall pay for his plane ticket in business class through a GoFundMe campaign, said on Twitter: “Australia will not allow him to access the drugs to achieve this, but Switzerland does.”
He added, “The world is changing but Australia lags badly.”
Assisted suicide has been banned in Australia for decades. In 1995, the Northern Territory became the first legislature in the world to pass a law for voluntary euthanasia, but it was overturned by the national Parliament in 1997.
Victoria State passed a bill in 2017 to legalize assisted suicide, but it could not benefit Mr. Goodall. Set to go into effect in June 2019, it will apply only to terminally ill patients who are of sound mind and who have a life expectancy of no more than six months.
Mr. Goodall with his grandson in Perth on Wednesday, as he left for Switzerland. Credit Sophie Moore/EPA, via Shutterstock
The Australian Medical Association is generally strongly opposed to assisted dying. “Doctors are not trained to kill people. It is deep within our ethics, deep within our training that that’s not appropriate,” its president, Dr. Michael Gannon, said during a legislative debate in Victoria last year.
“Not every doctor agrees with that,” he allowed.
Indeed, a survey of the A.M.A. found that four in 10 members supported right-to-die policies, according to the BBC.
Mr. Goodall, who was born in Britain, began his scientific career at Imperial College in London, according to Exit International. At the University of Melbourne, he was a senior lecturer and held positions at what is now the University of Ghana; the University of Reading, England; the University of California; and Utah State University, among other institutions.
Having earned three doctorates, he worked with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, an independent Australian government agency, until his semiretirement in 1979. He was awarded the Order of Australia at age 101.
Mr. Goodall lived alone in his later years, though he has children and several grandchildren. Most of his friends have died. But he did his own shopping, read Shakespeare and presented poetry to a group.
Until 2016, he worked as an honorary research associate at the Center for Ecosystem Management at Edith Cowan University in Perth, taking two buses and a train to get to his office four days a week.
When he was 102 and called Australia’s oldest working scientist, the university stirred up a tempest by asking Mr. Goodall to vacate his office on the grounds that he was too frail and a safety risk to himself. He challenged the decision, but he moved closer to home to continue working.
His world became smaller, however, as he was forced to give up driving and performing in the theater, Carol O’Neill, a friend and a representative of Exit International, told the BBC.
“It was just the beginning of the end,” she said.
Then, last month, he fell in his one-bedroom apartment and was not found for two days. Doctors ordered him not to use public transport or even to cross the road by himself. His physical condition deteriorated.
His daughter, Karen Goodall-Smith, a clinical psychologist, told ABC at his party that his work had probably been keeping him alive. “His work is his hobby, as well as his passion,” she said, “and without his work, I don’t think that there would be a purpose for him any more.”
Ms. Goodall-Smith added, according to Exit: “He has no control over his life, over his body, over his eyesight. He has lived a really good 104 years. Whatever happens, whatever choices are made, they’re up to him.”
Mr. Goodall is adamant. “One should be free to use the rest of one’s life as one chooses,” he has said. “If one chooses to kill oneself, then that’s fair enough. I don’t think anyone else should interfere.”
According to ABC, he is expected to succumb next Thursday.
Kuala Lumpur-Singapore named busiest international air route - BBC News
May 4, 2018
Kuala Lumpur-Singapore named busiest international air route
A flight linking Singapore and the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur has become the busiest international route in the world, research shows.
Planes made 30,537 trips between the two airports in the year to February 2018, OAG Aviation said.
The route overtook Hong Kong-Taipei in a list dominated by Asian destinations.
Flying between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur takes about an hour, and there are plans to build a high-speed rail link between the two.
The figures mean an average of 84 flights per day plied the route.
The route is operated by a host of budget carriers such as Scoot, Jetstar, Air Asia and Malindo Air as well as the two country's flagship carriers Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines.
In five charts: How Asia aviation took off
OAG's report found that the busiest international route outside of Asia was between New York's LaGuardia airport and Toronto Pearson - a route which saw about 16,956 flights over the period.
In terms of passenger numbers the flight between Hong Kong and the Taiwanese capital remains the busiest with 6.5 million passengers on the route. The second busiest was Singapore-Jakarta (4.7 million people) and Singapore-Kuala Lumpur (4 million).
However even the busiest international routes cannot compete with the most popular domestic air journeys.
The world's busiest flight path is between the South Korean capital, Seoul, and the country's popular holiday island of Jeju. About 65,000 planes flew that route in 2017 according to OAG - the equivalent of almost 180 journeys per day.
Kuala Lumpur-Singapore named busiest international air route
A flight linking Singapore and the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur has become the busiest international route in the world, research shows.
Planes made 30,537 trips between the two airports in the year to February 2018, OAG Aviation said.
The route overtook Hong Kong-Taipei in a list dominated by Asian destinations.
Flying between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur takes about an hour, and there are plans to build a high-speed rail link between the two.
The figures mean an average of 84 flights per day plied the route.
The route is operated by a host of budget carriers such as Scoot, Jetstar, Air Asia and Malindo Air as well as the two country's flagship carriers Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines.
In five charts: How Asia aviation took off
OAG's report found that the busiest international route outside of Asia was between New York's LaGuardia airport and Toronto Pearson - a route which saw about 16,956 flights over the period.
In terms of passenger numbers the flight between Hong Kong and the Taiwanese capital remains the busiest with 6.5 million passengers on the route. The second busiest was Singapore-Jakarta (4.7 million people) and Singapore-Kuala Lumpur (4 million).
However even the busiest international routes cannot compete with the most popular domestic air journeys.
The world's busiest flight path is between the South Korean capital, Seoul, and the country's popular holiday island of Jeju. About 65,000 planes flew that route in 2017 according to OAG - the equivalent of almost 180 journeys per day.
Mount Kilauea: Hawaii emergency declared over volcano eruption - BBC News
May 4, 2018
Mount Kilauea: Hawaii emergency declared over volcano eruption
The Kilauea volcano erupted after a series of earthquakes on the island
Mount Kilauea volcano has erupted near a residential area on Hawaii's largest island, prompting a local state of emergency and the mandatory evacuation of 1,700 residents.
Extremely high levels of dangerous sulphur dioxide gas have been detected in the evacuation area, the Civil Defense Agency tweeted.
Community centres have been opened to provide shelter.
The eruption follows a series of strong earthquakes over recent days.
A volcanic crater vent - known as Puu Oo - collapsed earlier this week, sending lava down the mountain's slopes towards populated areas.
Officials had been warning residents all week they should be prepared to evacuate as an eruption would give little warning.
The volcano's plume of smoke and ash is visible from a great distance
Eyewitness Maija Stenback: 'You could feel the eruption'
We live in Leilani Estates, about six blocks away from the eruption.
We were evacuated a couple of hours ago and we are now with friends. It's me, my daughter, her boyfriend, and their two children, who are six years old and 20 months old. We all got shoved in a car and off we went.
Within about half an hour of the eruption, it went on social media, so me and my daughter went down to look at it. You could hear and feel the eruption a good half a mile away, and the closer you got, the more you could feel it.
It was like when someone plays the bass really heavy, and you can feel the bass - you could really feel the power and the lava - the colour of the lava was unbelievable, and the sound was unbelievable. It sounds very explosive, like something really explosive is coming out of a little hole, it's spitting out as hard as it can. It's not so much what you hear, it's what you feel.
Hawaii's Governor David Ige says he has activated military reservists from the National Guard to help evacuate thousands of people.
Governor David Ige
✔
@GovHawaii
Replying to @GovHawaii
I am in contact with @MayorHarryKim and Hawai‘i County, and the state is actively supporting the county’s emergency response efforts. I have also activated the Hawai‘i National Guard to support county emergency response teams with evacuations and security. #Kilauea #Volcano
4:32 PM - May 4, 2018
Television pictures showed a line of lava fountains from Mount Kilauea bursting up under a road and adjoining gardens.
Close-up footage shot by a drone showed lava emerging from a fissure in a wooded residential neighbourhood and oozing down a road.
Earlier this year, a false alert warning of an incoming ballistic missile caused panic, leading the US state to reassess its alert system.
Mount Kilauea: Hawaii emergency declared over volcano eruption
The Kilauea volcano erupted after a series of earthquakes on the island
Mount Kilauea volcano has erupted near a residential area on Hawaii's largest island, prompting a local state of emergency and the mandatory evacuation of 1,700 residents.
Extremely high levels of dangerous sulphur dioxide gas have been detected in the evacuation area, the Civil Defense Agency tweeted.
Community centres have been opened to provide shelter.
The eruption follows a series of strong earthquakes over recent days.
A volcanic crater vent - known as Puu Oo - collapsed earlier this week, sending lava down the mountain's slopes towards populated areas.
Officials had been warning residents all week they should be prepared to evacuate as an eruption would give little warning.
The volcano's plume of smoke and ash is visible from a great distance
Eyewitness Maija Stenback: 'You could feel the eruption'
We live in Leilani Estates, about six blocks away from the eruption.
We were evacuated a couple of hours ago and we are now with friends. It's me, my daughter, her boyfriend, and their two children, who are six years old and 20 months old. We all got shoved in a car and off we went.
Within about half an hour of the eruption, it went on social media, so me and my daughter went down to look at it. You could hear and feel the eruption a good half a mile away, and the closer you got, the more you could feel it.
It was like when someone plays the bass really heavy, and you can feel the bass - you could really feel the power and the lava - the colour of the lava was unbelievable, and the sound was unbelievable. It sounds very explosive, like something really explosive is coming out of a little hole, it's spitting out as hard as it can. It's not so much what you hear, it's what you feel.
Hawaii's Governor David Ige says he has activated military reservists from the National Guard to help evacuate thousands of people.
Governor David Ige
✔
@GovHawaii
Replying to @GovHawaii
I am in contact with @MayorHarryKim and Hawai‘i County, and the state is actively supporting the county’s emergency response efforts. I have also activated the Hawai‘i National Guard to support county emergency response teams with evacuations and security. #Kilauea #Volcano
4:32 PM - May 4, 2018
Television pictures showed a line of lava fountains from Mount Kilauea bursting up under a road and adjoining gardens.
Close-up footage shot by a drone showed lava emerging from a fissure in a wooded residential neighbourhood and oozing down a road.
Earlier this year, a false alert warning of an incoming ballistic missile caused panic, leading the US state to reassess its alert system.
Nobel Prize for Literature delayed amid Swedish Academy 'sex assault' scandal - BBC News
May 4, 2018
Nobel Prize for Literature delayed amid Swedish Academy 'sex assault' scandal
The academy will now announce the 2018 winner along with the 2019 winner next year
The organisation that decides the Nobel Prize for Literature has said it will not announce an award this year, after it was engulfed in a scandal over sexual assault allegations.
The Swedish Academy has been in crisis over its handling of allegations against the husband of a member.
She has since quit, as have the academy's head and four other members.
The academy says it will now announce the 2018 winner along with the 2019 winner next year.
The scandal is the biggest to hit the prize since it was first awarded in 1901.
Apart from six years during the world wars, there has been only one year when the prize was not awarded. No worthy winner was found in 1935.
This year's other Nobel prizes will go ahead as usual.
What did the academy say?
In a statement on its website, the academy said: "The present decision was arrived at in view of the currently diminished Academy and the reduced public confidence in the Academy."
It said that the academy's "operative practices need to be evolved", including tackling its statutes, conflict-of-interest issues and management of information.
Anders Olsson, the academy's interim permanent secretary, said there needed to be "long-term and robust work" for change
Some academy members had argued that the prize should proceed to protect the tradition, but others said the institution was in no state to present the award.
The #MeToo campaign, which showed the prevalence of sexual assault globally, may have played a part in the academy's decision. It would have been difficult for potential winners to accept the prize with the academy in such turmoil.
What sparked the crisis?
Divisions started to emerge last November when French photographer Jean-Claude Arnault, who ran a cultural project with funding from the Swedish Academy, was accused by 18 women of sexual assault.
Several of the alleged incidents reportedly happened in properties belonging to the academy. Mr Arnault denies the allegations.
The scandal behind the prize
Photographer 'groped' princess at Swedish Academy event
The organisation later voted against removing Mr Arnault's wife, the poet and writer Katarina Frostenson, from its committee.
Image copyrightEPA
Image caption
The academy's permanent secretary, Prof Sara Danius, resigned
This, along with accusations of conflict of interest and the leaking of Nobel winners' names, divided the organisation.
What followed was a wave of resignations, including Ms Frostenson and the head of the academy, Prof Sara Danius.
Only 11 members are now in place. Of those, one, Kerstin Ekman, has been inactive since 1989, when the academy refused to condemn the fatwa issued over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.
Swedish Academy head quits over probe
Why women fear a #MeToo backlash
The academy's statutes require a quorum of 12 to vote in any new members.
Technically, members are appointed for life to the Swedish Academy and cannot resign, although they can refuse to take part. Academy patron King Carl XVI Gustaf has said he will change the rules to allow them to quit formally.
So what happens next?
The academy said: "Work on the selection of a laureate is at an advanced stage and will continue as usual in the months ahead but the Academy needs time to regain its full complement, engage a larger number of active members and regain confidence in its work, before the next Literature Prize winner is declared."
Two prizes for literature will be announced next year, one for 2018 and one for 2019.
This is not the first time this has happened. On five occasions a prize for one year has been awarded at the same time as the following year's prize. For example, American playwright Eugene O'Neill was given the 1936 award in 1937.
What's the social reaction been?
A number have highlighted the importance of #MeToo, among other theories and opinions, including the neglect of Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o...
Skip Twitter post by @B52Malmet
Barbara Malmet
@B52Malmet
#MeToo catches up to #NobelPrize because #TimesUphttps://www.cnn.com/2018/05/04/europe/nobel-prize-for-literature-swedish-academy-postponed-intl/index.html …
5:22 PM - May 4, 2018
Nobel Prize for Literature postponed after sex scandal
cnn.com
Nikki Golightly
@looplikesreplay
It's been months since #metoo started and towers are still falling all over the place https://nyti.ms/2HQju9j
6:45 PM - May 4, 2018
The Swedish Academy’s annual meeting in Stockholm in December.
After Sex Scandal, No 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature, Panel Says
The Swedish Academy has been consumed by charges that a man close to it sexually assaulted women, and that the academy mishandled the allegations.
nytimes.com
Wallace Kantai
@wgkantai
The 2018 Nobel Prize for Literature has been cancelled. The conspiracy against Ngugi is now cosmic in scale.
5:20 PM - May 4, 2018
Adam Garrie
@adamgarriereal
The Nobel Prize people have cancelled this year's prize for literature. I'm so disappointed. Now I won't have the opportunity to ignore the achievement of some obscure author I've never heard of.
5:13 PM - May 4, 2018
Niyam Bhushan
@niyambhushan
You know we live in a bizarre world when their won't be a #Nobel prize for literature on 2018, but there will be a Nobel prize for peace awarded to Donald Trump
6:57 PM - May 4, 2018
The Nobel prizes
Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel set up the prizes in his will in 1895
The five were Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics and Physiology (Medicine)
The Nobel Prize for Economics was set up in 1968 in memory of Alfred Nobel
The awards are decided by different bodies. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences oversees Physics, Chemistry and Economics. The Nobel Assembly awards Medicine and the Swedish Academy covers Literature. Peace is the only award not decided by a Swedish organisation - the Norwegian Nobel Committee decides it
Literature has been awarded annually since 1901, save for six years during the two world wars and 1935. The winner receives a gold medal, a diploma and a cash sum based on the Nobel Foundation's income for the year. The laureate is invited to give a lecture and there is a banquet and award ceremony on 10 December
Nobel Prize for Literature delayed amid Swedish Academy 'sex assault' scandal
The academy will now announce the 2018 winner along with the 2019 winner next year
The organisation that decides the Nobel Prize for Literature has said it will not announce an award this year, after it was engulfed in a scandal over sexual assault allegations.
The Swedish Academy has been in crisis over its handling of allegations against the husband of a member.
She has since quit, as have the academy's head and four other members.
The academy says it will now announce the 2018 winner along with the 2019 winner next year.
The scandal is the biggest to hit the prize since it was first awarded in 1901.
Apart from six years during the world wars, there has been only one year when the prize was not awarded. No worthy winner was found in 1935.
This year's other Nobel prizes will go ahead as usual.
What did the academy say?
In a statement on its website, the academy said: "The present decision was arrived at in view of the currently diminished Academy and the reduced public confidence in the Academy."
It said that the academy's "operative practices need to be evolved", including tackling its statutes, conflict-of-interest issues and management of information.
Anders Olsson, the academy's interim permanent secretary, said there needed to be "long-term and robust work" for change
Some academy members had argued that the prize should proceed to protect the tradition, but others said the institution was in no state to present the award.
The #MeToo campaign, which showed the prevalence of sexual assault globally, may have played a part in the academy's decision. It would have been difficult for potential winners to accept the prize with the academy in such turmoil.
What sparked the crisis?
Divisions started to emerge last November when French photographer Jean-Claude Arnault, who ran a cultural project with funding from the Swedish Academy, was accused by 18 women of sexual assault.
Several of the alleged incidents reportedly happened in properties belonging to the academy. Mr Arnault denies the allegations.
The scandal behind the prize
Photographer 'groped' princess at Swedish Academy event
The organisation later voted against removing Mr Arnault's wife, the poet and writer Katarina Frostenson, from its committee.
Image copyrightEPA
Image caption
The academy's permanent secretary, Prof Sara Danius, resigned
This, along with accusations of conflict of interest and the leaking of Nobel winners' names, divided the organisation.
What followed was a wave of resignations, including Ms Frostenson and the head of the academy, Prof Sara Danius.
Only 11 members are now in place. Of those, one, Kerstin Ekman, has been inactive since 1989, when the academy refused to condemn the fatwa issued over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.
Swedish Academy head quits over probe
Why women fear a #MeToo backlash
The academy's statutes require a quorum of 12 to vote in any new members.
Technically, members are appointed for life to the Swedish Academy and cannot resign, although they can refuse to take part. Academy patron King Carl XVI Gustaf has said he will change the rules to allow them to quit formally.
So what happens next?
The academy said: "Work on the selection of a laureate is at an advanced stage and will continue as usual in the months ahead but the Academy needs time to regain its full complement, engage a larger number of active members and regain confidence in its work, before the next Literature Prize winner is declared."
Two prizes for literature will be announced next year, one for 2018 and one for 2019.
This is not the first time this has happened. On five occasions a prize for one year has been awarded at the same time as the following year's prize. For example, American playwright Eugene O'Neill was given the 1936 award in 1937.
What's the social reaction been?
A number have highlighted the importance of #MeToo, among other theories and opinions, including the neglect of Kenyan writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o...
Skip Twitter post by @B52Malmet
Barbara Malmet
@B52Malmet
#MeToo catches up to #NobelPrize because #TimesUphttps://www.cnn.com/2018/05/04/europe/nobel-prize-for-literature-swedish-academy-postponed-intl/index.html …
5:22 PM - May 4, 2018
Nobel Prize for Literature postponed after sex scandal
cnn.com
Nikki Golightly
@looplikesreplay
It's been months since #metoo started and towers are still falling all over the place https://nyti.ms/2HQju9j
6:45 PM - May 4, 2018
The Swedish Academy’s annual meeting in Stockholm in December.
After Sex Scandal, No 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature, Panel Says
The Swedish Academy has been consumed by charges that a man close to it sexually assaulted women, and that the academy mishandled the allegations.
nytimes.com
Wallace Kantai
@wgkantai
The 2018 Nobel Prize for Literature has been cancelled. The conspiracy against Ngugi is now cosmic in scale.
5:20 PM - May 4, 2018
Adam Garrie
@adamgarriereal
The Nobel Prize people have cancelled this year's prize for literature. I'm so disappointed. Now I won't have the opportunity to ignore the achievement of some obscure author I've never heard of.
5:13 PM - May 4, 2018
Niyam Bhushan
@niyambhushan
You know we live in a bizarre world when their won't be a #Nobel prize for literature on 2018, but there will be a Nobel prize for peace awarded to Donald Trump
6:57 PM - May 4, 2018
The Nobel prizes
Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel set up the prizes in his will in 1895
The five were Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics and Physiology (Medicine)
The Nobel Prize for Economics was set up in 1968 in memory of Alfred Nobel
The awards are decided by different bodies. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences oversees Physics, Chemistry and Economics. The Nobel Assembly awards Medicine and the Swedish Academy covers Literature. Peace is the only award not decided by a Swedish organisation - the Norwegian Nobel Committee decides it
Literature has been awarded annually since 1901, save for six years during the two world wars and 1935. The winner receives a gold medal, a diploma and a cash sum based on the Nobel Foundation's income for the year. The laureate is invited to give a lecture and there is a banquet and award ceremony on 10 December
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